Campaign Finance Essay Example For Students

Battle Finance Essay What We Dont Know About Campaign Finance Does Hurt Us. Regardless of what your social issue, in the event that you need to tackle it get the cash out of governmental issues. At exactly that point will legislators vote in favor of their kin instead of their wallets. Jack E. Lohman.Money adulterates governmental issues, and when commitments are being made to competitors it isn't to the greatest advantage of the American individuals. Battle Finance is wild in todays political races. Competitors are taking cash from any place and whoever they can get it. Delicate cash is moving through decisions without care or alert. Individuals who cause these commitments to don't share the perspectives on the normal resident, so legislators wind up speaking to an inappropriate people. Cash chooses races, once in a while leaving the better man yet lighter high-roller out of a position. Applicants settle on choices dependent on what will help them monetarily that what is better for the individuals. Commitments by industry are made not in light of a legitima te concern for the individuals, now and then harming them in manners they dont even know. Regardless of what the restriction may state battle money change is required critically to keep our vote based system as our authors planned it. Individuals and organizations that cause the biggest gifts to battles to don't impart perspectives to everyone. Government officials will tune in to the individuals who give them cash with the goal that they can rely upon that cash being there again when it is the ideal opportunity for reelection.Yet singular givers making a $200 dollar or more commitment make up just .33% of the populace. This amazingly little level of generally well off people gain the ability to impact legislators just as they would prefer. The possibility that these individuals ought to have influence to influence government more than those with less cash conflicts with the idea of uniformity for all, which is the thing that made this nation extraordinary. Individuals who make enormous gifts don't have indistinguishable perspectives in general from everybody. Robert L. Borosage and Ruy Teixeira report that while 53 percent of voters need stricter guidelines on organizations and enterprises, to give laborers a rea sonable compensation and working conditions, 58 percent of crusade benefactors need to see less authority over the organizations and partnerships of America. Benefactors likewise need less government going through with lower charges, while most of residents need a bigger, all the more impressive government. An extremely minuscule piece of our populace is offering cash to battles mentioning to up-and-comers what they need to do to keep getting effort commitments, yet these individuals don't speak to the belief system and opinion of the individuals overall. There must be an adjustment in the manner that crusades are financed if popular government is to endure. In the event that we don't change battle account we will have legislators working just for the individuals who can stand to contribute. Cash is the main consideration in any political race. It can influence a choice unequivocally relying upon how well it is utilized. In the House, the competitor who spends the most cash on their battle wins 92% of the time. Things are the same in the Senate, here 88% of the time the greater high-roller wins. Officeholders are generally the tip cash high-roller, since they collect more cash. Paul Starr, author for The American Prospect , gauges that it would take $1,000,000 for a challenger to vanquish the officeholder. The main way a challenger could get this sort of cash is advance to large business and the rich, who have drastically various thoughts regarding government than the overall population. A challenger, to try and get an opportunity, would need to go to business and riches to win. With this extraordinary trouble to de-seat an occupant, turnover in congress drops, and individuals become stale, winning on name alone. At the same time, they are offering breaks to the companie s and affluent individuals who got them there. With battles money change, we could get challengers and officeholders on a level playing field so the up-and-comer with the better thoughts who will sincerely enable the greater part to will wind up the victor. Ladies Rights | EssayOpponents of Campaign money change have numerous reasons that they feel change is awful. Yet, a large portion of these contentions come down to; commitments are a declaration of the right to speak freely of discourse, and change would not help as unlawful commitments happen now and would just be expanded with more laws. The voices of the individuals who support commercials that don't go on battle reports are those of a little minority. These voices are being heard over all the voices of the more noteworthy dominant part of individuals who can't bear to have their voices heard. Leaving one people supposition alone stronger than another conflicts with the thoughts of uniformity for all, encroaching upon the privileges of others. In the event that change is to happen we should implement the laws that we set up. Laws that are not authorized are useless. We should be prepared to rebuff an up-and-comer and make that person face the outcomes, regardless of whether it be end from the race or expulsion from office. Change is expected to fix our abnormal and degenerate congress, and we should be happy to rebuff the individuals who overstep the law. One choice that we ought to consider is that of Jack E. Lohman, a representative from Milwaukee, WI. Under his arrangement unique intrigue and corporate gifts would be disposed of. Rather, citizens would subsidize political crusades. Exceptional interests and partnerships burn through 750 million on battles. As it was clarified, this damages citizens when buying merchandise and when paying duties for corporate government assistance. By dispensing with these contributors government officials would not be influenced by outside interests and would be allowed to do what is best for the individuals. The 750 million dollars for battles would originate from the citizens and just expense $5 dollars a year. After cuts from corporate government assistance and inefficient government spending this would spare citizens 495 to 995 dollars per year, also value drops because of diminished corporate spending on political crusades. This would place more cash in the possession of the citizen to purchas e more items helping the economy. Generally significant, lawmakers would not be influenced by money related premium offered to them for help in different regions. Benefactors not speaking to general society, cash, not individuals and issues choosing races, lawmakers deciding in favor of crusade assets rather than the general population, organizations taking a chance with the security of individuals, these are for the most part issues that could be fixed by transforming effort account. Crusade account is a pressing issue that must be cured soon or we will confront a circumstance in government where the influence lies in the hand of the individuals who have cash to give to battles. On the off chance that something isn't done we will head straight into a degenerate and awful government whose solitary consideration is that of being reappointed. Move must be made now before it is past the point of no return and shocking congressmen will just help shameful strategy. On the off chance that our administration is to be spared, we should have battle money change. Book index:

Why You Shouldnt Mix Bleach and Vinegar

Why You Shouldnt Mix Bleach and Vinegar Blending fade and vinegar is a poorly conceived notion. Harmful chlorine gas is discharged, which basically fills in as an approach to wage synthetic fighting on ones self. Numerous individuals blend dye and vinegar, knowing its perilous, however either belittle the hazard or, in all likelihood trust in expanded cleaning power. Heres what you should think about blending dye and vinegar, before attempting it. Why People Mix Bleach and Vinegar In the event that blending dye and vinegar discharges harmful chlorine gas, at that point for what reason do individuals do it? There are two responses to this inquiry. The primary answer is that vinegar brings down the pH of dye, making it a superior disinfectant. The second response to why individuals blend blanch and vinegar is that individuals dont perceive how hazardous it is or how rapidly it responds. They hear blending the synthetic concoctions improves them cleaners and disinfectants, however dont understand the cleaning help isnt going to have a sufficient effect to legitimize the impressive wellbeing danger. What Happens When Bleach and Vinegar Are Mixed Chlorine fade contains sodium hypochlorite or NaOCl. Since dye is sodium hypochlorite in water, the sodium hypochlorite in fade really exists as hypochlorous corrosive: NaOCl H2O ↠HOCl Na OH- Hypochlorous corrosive is a solid oxidizer. This is the thing that makes it so great at blanching and purification. On the off chance that you blend fade in with a corrosive, chlorine gas will be created. For instance, mixingâ bleach with latrine bowl cleaner, which contains hydrochloric corrosive, yields chlorine gas: HOCl HCl ↠H2O Cl2 Albeit unadulterated chlorine gas is greenish-yellow, gas created by blending synthetics is weakened in air. Its undetectable, so the best way to think about it is by the smell and negative effects. Chlorine gas assaults mucous films, for example, eyes, throat, and lungs and can be fatal. Blending fade in with another corrosive, for example, the acidic corrosive found in vinegar, yields basically a similar outcome: 2HOCl 2HAc ↠Cl2 2H2O 2Ac-(Ac : CH3COO) There is a balance between the chlorine species that is affected by pH. At the point when the pH is brought down, as by including can bowl cleaner or vinegar, the proportion of chlorine gas in expanded. At the point when the pH is raised, the proportion of hypochlorite particle is expanded. Hypochlorite particle is a less effective oxidizer than hypochlorous corrosive, so a few people will purposefully bring down the pH of fade to expand the oxidizing intensity of the substance, despite the fact that chlorine gas is delivered thus. What You Should Do Instead Dont harm yourself! As opposed to expanding the action of the sanitizer by adding vinegar to it, its more secure and progressively successful to just buy new bleach. Chlorine blanch has a timeframe of realistic usability, so it loses control after some time. This is especially obvious if the holder of dye has been put away for a while. Its far more secure to utilize new fade than to hazard poisoningâ by blending dye in with another concoction. It is fine to utilize dye and vinegar independently for cleaning as long as the surface is washed between items.

Local Studies free essay sample

â€Å"In each spot in this nation, there is constantly a store. In each store, they sell nourishments and stuffs that characterize their store. Bakeshop is a typical case of stores that exist in each city and territories in the nation. There are heaps of ways that the bakeshop utilizes on the most proficient method to make their shop famous and increment their client. A few uses leaflets, while a few uses coverings. In any case, this activities and ways are just restricted as far as notoriety. This days, making things is as simple as pressing a catch to play out a specific assignment. Correspondence is the way to expand notoriety. The more extensive it gets among organization and network, the more clients it get, along these lines the prevalence increment. Web is an express case of wide correspondence. It permits individuals from various territory or even nation to speak with one another. An incredible method to speak with one another utilizing web is the site. A site wherein the individuals around the globe can impart by means of web. Thus, the site is being utilized by the organizations to increment and fortify their correspondence between customers. However, a site must be alluring to get the clients and clients consideration. Promoting is broad communications content proposed to convince crowds of perusers, watchers or audience members to make a move on items, administrations and thoughts. The thought is to drive purchaser conduct with a specific goal in mind as to an item, administration or idea. Web based publicizing, additionally called Internet promoting, utilizes the Internet to convey limited time showcasing messages to purchasers. It incorporates email promoting, web index showcasing, internet based life promoting, numerous sorts of show publicizing (counting webâ banner promoting), and versatile publicizing. Like other promoting media, internet publicizing oftentimes includes both a distributer, who coordinates ads into its online substance, and a sponsor, who gives the commercials to be shown on the distributers content. Other potential members incorporate publicizing offices who help produce and spot the promotion du plicate, an advertisement server who innovatively conveys the promotion and tracks measurements, and promoting offshoots who accomplish autonomous limited time work for the sponsor. Web based promoting is an enormous business and is developing quickly. In 2011, Internet promoting incomes in the United States outperformed those of satellite TV and almost surpassed those of communicate TV. With respect to the bakeshops that the scientists are examining, a viable method for pulling in clients is nourishment advertising. Showcasing makes a craving for the individuals who saw the promoting which will lure the clients to purchase the item. The organization ought to publicize such that all the individuals who saw the notice can without much of a stretch recollect the item. In an article of emedicinehealth at emedicinehealth. com, nourishment promoting is one of the impacts on what individuals will eat. It is now in our way of life, as Filipinos, the adoration for bread and for that, bread is truly saleable to the market. The issue for a bakeshop like Park n’ Go will be, how are they going to be the most great bakeshop for the Filipinos? That question will be replied on how they are acquainting their items with the market. A factor to make the bakeshop ideal for the general population is the accessibility of their stores. Stores ought to be truly open and alluring to take a gander at. And furthermore, one of the most focused on business sectors of Park n’ Go are the moms which will pick the nourishment for their youngsters. They won't simply pick the nutritious nourishments yet additionally the soothing ones. In this way, Park n’ Go should plan to have nutritious breads as well as soothing breads for the purchasers. On the off chance that there is nourishment accessibility, drinks compare to it. Park n’ Go is known as a bakeshop just however it will likewise provide food beverages to fulfill the dietary pattern of the clients most particularly to the clients who will eat at a Park n’ Go branch. In that manner, Park n’ Go can pull in financial specialists of drinks. In an article of Chicago Tribune nourishment segment, Ken Harris, an autonomous specialist to the nourishment and drink industry stated, They expected to plan something for oversee the items that they sell in their stores (alluding to Starbucks)†. † Reference: â€Å"Related literary works for bakeshops. † StudyMode. com, 08 2012.Web. 08 2012. In each restricted manner in publicizing, the idea and thought of having a site happens. Distributing a site won't without a doubt create great impression about the item. There are a few elements to consider all together deciding the worthiness of a site. 2. Outside Studies Miller’s Bakery went online with its site in January 201 1, and began utilizing Google AdWords only one month later. Arranged over the Hudson River from New York City, both bread shop areas are in occupied suburbanite towns that have a steady stream of new occupants. Dwight Miller, who runs the bakery’s web based promoting program, pursued AdWords to bring issues to light of the pastry kitchens in these towns and to drive more clients into the stores. Mill operator knew AdWords would assist him with focusing on clients who were new to the zone, just as the individuals who may be going through on their drives. Dave and Dwight Miller generally take a large portion of their requests either via telephone or up close and personal coming up, so they made a point to incorporate both area and contact data in their AdWords promotions. They additionally made promotions with â€Å"Get Directions† connections and snap to-call usefulness when they added portable advertisements to the showcasing blend in June 2011. â€Å"Our clients associate with our business utilizing numerous screens,† notes Dwight Miller. â€Å"They’ll find us on their telephones when they’re out on their mid-day break. At that point they’ll head back to the workplace and research cake thoughts on their work PCs. After work, they come into the pastry shop with photographs of cake plans on their telephone. On the off chance that we didn’t publicize on both work area and portable, we’d pass up a great deal of client contact focuses. †

The Underground Man and Freedom Beyond Reasons - Literature Essay Samples

In Dostoevskys Notes from Underground, the Underground Man proposes a radically different conception of free action from that of Kant. While Kant thinks that an agent is not acting freely unless he acts for some reason, the Underground Man seems to take the opposite stance: the only way to be truly autonomous is to reject this notion of freedom, and to affirm ones right to act for no reason. I will argue that the Underground Mans notion of freedom builds on Kants, in that it requires self-consciousness in decision-making. But he breaks from Kant when he makes the claim that acting for a reason is not enough, and only provides an illusion of freedom. When faced with the two options of deceiving himself about his freedom (like most men) or submitting to à ¬the wall,à ® (a form of determinism), the Underground Man chooses an unlikely third option a retort. I will conclude this paper by questioning whether this retort succeeds at escaping the system of nature he desperately seeks to avoid.I will begin by explaining how the Underground Mans argument builds on Kants notion of freedom. Throughout the work, the Underground Man speaks of consciousness. He claims that consciousness is an illness, and that most men are (thankfully) not fully conscious (10). This constant reference to consciousness is reminiscent of Kants notion of autonomous action. Kant believes that humans decide which actions to perform as a result of self-conscious reflection. That is, when they have a desire, they must first step back from that desire, examine possible courses of action, and then endorse the desire as worthy of satisfaction before they can act on it. If people acted without this type of reflection, then their actions would not really be free freedom depends on conscious endorsement by the individual, a temporary removal from ones immediate desires.So far, the Underground Man and Kant are in agreement. However, Kant believes that the endorsement of desires consists of having a reason to act on that desire, a reason based on what we perceive as some good. The type of good is unspecified it could anything from the satisfaction of egoistic aims to the betterment of the human race. What is important is that we establish for ourselves what type of good on which to base our reasons. Free action is impossible unless we formulate our reasons independently; more specifically, we must decide for ourselves what is a good reason for acting. Although the Underground Man agrees that we must formulate our own reasons, he rejects the notion that reasons based on any concept of a perceived good can ever really be our own.This rejection of reasons as a basis for autonomy stems from his belief that freedom is virtually impossible in a largely deterministic and evolutionary universe, where everything is determined by the laws of nature to which he constantly refers. The Underground Man believes that the feeling of freedom engendered by acting for a reason as opposed to a cting blindly is an illusion. He says of men with limited consciousness that à ¬they take immediate and secondary causes for primary ones, and in this way they are more quickly and easily convinced than others that they have discovered an indisputable basis for their activityà ® (19). In other words, these men of action convince themselves that their choices are based on a higher faculty, on reasons they formulate independently (primary causes). However, their action is really based on causes determined externally, by their instincts, biology, etc. (immediate or secondary causes). If we had the intellectual capacity, all of human reason and desire could be predicted beforehand, calculated on paperÃâ€"according to various laws of nature that man will never discover (28).He describes these men of action as those arisen from the bosom of nature (13). The Underground Man believes that anything we perceive as good was intended by nature for the preservation of the species, survival of the individual, or other natural aim. Thus, although we may feel that our reasons are a result of a higher faculty, this feeling is an illusion. Nature provides us with this illusion because, as individuals with higher consciousness, we do not want to realize that all our actions are determined by reasons beyond our specific existence. As the Underground Man describes it, Man has been continually proving to himself that hes a man and not an organ-stop (31). That is, man wants to believe that freedom is possible, that he is not just an instrument to preserve the species or to act as nature intended. However, most men have limited consciousness, and easily succumb to the illusion of freedom they do not examine their reasons sufficiently rigorously, and are quickly convinced that their reasons are their own. He often compares man to an animal: à ¬This sort of gentleman heads straight for his target, like a maddened bull with his horns loweredÃâ€"à ® (13). Men of limited consciou sness are able to convince themselves that reasons aim at some good beyond that intended by nature. This is how nature intended, because if men were to realize the futility of their action, they would be paralyzed. They would no longer act in a way that would preserve the species, and the species of man would die out hence a higher level of consciousness is an illness.Such is the malady which consumes the Underground Man, who has not arisen from the bosom of nature but from a retort (13). Having a higher level of consciousness, he sees that the ultimate causes of all reasons are external. As a result, he has two choices he can deceive himself about his freedom like others do, or he can submit to the laws of nature and acknowledge that freedom is illusion. The first option is clearly impossible, as his heightened consciousness succeeds in piling up around him so much additional disgust in the way of questions and doubtsÃâ€"that he has willy-nilly gathered around himself some k ind of fatal bog (14). However, he also refuses to submit to the laws of nature, to act unconsciously and respond immediately and unthinkingly to all desires or whims. Therefore, he makes a desperate attempt to exert his freedom in the only way he sees possible: by acting deliberately contrary to any reason which can be perceived as good. In doing so, he hopes to achieve the highest good, mans most advantageous advantage: his individuality and autonomy (23).But what exactly does this activity consist of? How does the Underground Man frame this retort? He does not give many specific examples of truly free action, but defines it mainly as a negative concept. He views the retort as acting against anything he thinks nature intended he takes any impulse which people most often avoid and attempts to gain pleasure from it (such as in the midst of a toothache, or by being humiliated). Thus, not only does he act contrary to nature, but he derives pleasure wherever it seems most improbable .But one must wonder whether this type of action is truly autonomous. In his very specific attempts to defy nature, his actions seem to have sole basis in the natural causes which he so despises. He reminds one of a jealous ex-lover who, in his attempts to prove his lack of interest in his old flame, deliberately flirts with other women in his ex-lovers presence, gives her dirty looks, and refuses to return her calls. Similarly, the Underground Man tries to prove he is not subject to the laws of nature by acting deliberately and consciously against them. In neither case are we fooled: both examples reveal that the actor is still subject to what he seeks to avoid, insofar as all of his actions are determined by and dependant on the original factor.Thus, it is difficult to see how the Underground Mans retort could be an example of autonomous action. He rejects the Kantian notion of autonomy because he does not believe that people really determine their own reasons. However, it seems that he is falling into the trap that he wants so desperately avoid: his reasons are still determined by something external to himself, i.e., the laws of nature. Although they might be a direct negation of these laws, the more directly negated they are, the more closely they are guided by them, because they are completely determined by them.The Underground Man may reply that, although he may not be acting completely autonomously, at least he is not passively succumbing to the laws of nature. He succeeds in that he is able to escape the system, and do something that is unprecedented, does not promote the survival himself, the human race, or anything nature intended. In this way he avoids the fate of others. In addition, although the bulk of his actions may not be free when framed as a retort, at least some part of his action may be autonomous: the very decision and initial execution of his plan to defy nature, to refuse to accept reasons as the basis for action. This one act of def iance may succeed in allowing him to assert himself as more than a piano stop.However, it seems that the Underground Man does not succeed in his ultimate goal. If his decision to refuse to act in accord with nature really does represent his one instance of free action (which, of course, it may not for example, it could be determined by nature that he is not fit to survive, so this decision would allow him to perish more quickly, which may even be better for him ultimately), it seems that he should commit suicide immediately after. Indeed, there is evidence throughout the text that he is keenly aware of the futility of his situation, and goes back and forth between supporting and mocking his own statements. His position is nicely summed up in the following statement, à ¬Of course, I wont knock this wall down with my head if in the end I havent got the strength to do so, but I wont submit to it simply because Im up against a stone wall and havent got sufficient strengthà ® (15). And in the end, it seems that he really is just a man up against an enormous stone wall, but will spend his life banging his head against it until he collapses.

The Role Of The Underdog - 1829 Words

From my birth, I assumed the role of the underdog. Born to a mother who was only fifteen years old, and later raised by my mother and grandmother along with six other siblings in an impoverished inner city neighborhood without the benefit of a father or any other familial male influence in my life, I have always been cognizant of what the statistics predicted would be the likely outcome of my life. Yet somehow, at an early age, I relished the role of the underdog and used it as a means for motivating myself, my siblings, and even my own mother, to pursue those things that appeared to be beyond our reach from a social and economic perspective. Chief among the motivating factors in my life was the idea of obtaining an education. For as†¦show more content†¦Despite playing the role of protector, there was no role that I enjoyed more than being able to help my siblings further their education, ensuring that their homework and mine was completed, accurate and ready for my mot her’s review upon her return home from work. I was determined to transfer my passion for learning, and education in general, to my siblings and anyone in my household who would listen, which might have contributed to the fact that all but one of my siblings went on to attend and graduate from college. For me, getting an education wasn’t an option, it was the only option, a sentiment that I relentlessly stressed to my siblings, and my mother, who though a high school dropout at one point, went on to pursue and receive several college degrees later in life. At the age of 12, I took on my first job, which was essentially an entrepreneurial endeavor. My brothers and I spent the spring, summer and fall canvassing our neighborhood, seeking out residents who would allow us to mow their lawns or rake their leaves in exchange for a reasonable fee. While the earnings of that first job were meager, the intangible benefits and life lessons that I derived from it were tremendo us. I learned a lot about earning and managing money, responsibility, and most significantly, what I did not want do with my life. The

Public Schools All Over America - 975 Words

Words are extremely powerful. In America today, we have the First Amendment that protects our freedom of speech but, just because you are able to say something doesn t mean that you should. The majority of people have heard the saying, â€Å"think twice before you speak.† This saying is important because you never know when your words will offend someone even if you had no intentions to do so. Two simple words have created a controversy in public schools all over America. These words are, â€Å"Merry Christmas.† Many of us might not even think twice about saying these words to others during the holiday season but, it has been a debate in public schools on whether it is right or wrong because it promotes a specific religion and negates other religions. An article by The Texas Tribune, written by Morgan Smith, announced that â€Å"Merry Christmas† is officially okay to say in Texas public schools. The controversy erupted when cheerleaders of East Texas High School were told that they were not able to carry signs that displayed bible verses on them. A new law was formed in Texas that allowed schools to put up Christmas oriented decorations and menorahs on school property as long as the decorations included more than one religion and did not encourage a particular religious belief. In â€Å"Reflections on Religion† Voltaire discusses the importance of religious tolerance between people. He would agree with Texas’s new law because public schools have to be tolerant of all religions andShow MoreRelatedU.s School Food Regulation For Public Schools Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican public schools have poor nutrition, and it causes obesity in teenagers. As a former student of the American public school systems, the condition of the food has been a problem for years. Over the past two decades, obesity has been an issue in the U.S, and it is due to poor school nutrition. 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Survey Of Factor Influencing Choice Product â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Survey Of Factor Influencing Choice Product? Answer: Introduction Understanding of cost management system of an organization is important for estimation of the internal management cost for an organization such as Adairs Company. There are various factors that are used in cost estimation and this mostly considers organization characteristics and value chain. Another factor that also plays a critical role in price estimation is the operational processes that add the overhead cost to each product. With this respect, there are two commonly used costing methods and these are traditional and activity-based costing. Traditional costing method involves estimation of overhead cost based on the volume of product produced. Activity-based costing takes into account all the activities that attribute the cost of products when estimating indirect cost on the product. Well, these two cost calculation methods have both benefits to the business and disadvantages (Hansen Mowen, 2006). The main focus of this report is exploring the cost management system as applied i n calculating the cost of production of Adairs Company. Value chain analysis When looking at the company's value chain it is important to explore the various aspects of the company starting from the product acquisition to the sales. This, of course, takes into account the characteristics of the company and other operational processes leading to the availability of the product. Characteristic of Adairs Company Adairs Company is an independent retail store that deals in homeware and home furnishings. The company has both online and in-house stores where it sells its many products. The companys head office is situated in Victorias Scoresby. The company has also expanded its product range to include other furniture that the company did not sell. By this, the retailer has diversified its products also to consist of general homeware and children ware. This has also led to the formation of another product portfolio called giftware that generally consists of various gifts (Adairs Retail Group, 2017a). Sources of the products sold at Adairs Company The value chain for Adairs is complex and in order to understand the value chain, it is good to explore sources of the products. Adairs Company value chain can be described as consisting of operations, organization characteristics, and actual products, marketing and sales and after sale services. The products that are sold within the Adirs are acquired from manufacturers such as Abode Living at a price before it is transported to a warehouse for the company (Abode Living, 2017). For instance, Abode Living is good at manufacturing better and quality bed linen. These products are purchased by the company and sold in its many stores including an online shop. The company deals in homewares that include bedroom products, bathroom products and other home products such as beddings, soft furnishing, children furnishing and furniture. The organization sells has recently started selling furniture that is part of bedroom furnishing and occasionally other general furniture. The store retails in bedroom products such as sheets, pillows, mattress covers and many other bedroom products. The company also sells bathroom products such as towels, bath mats, laundry products and robes. In addition, the retailer also sells giftware such as gift cards, home fragrances (Adirs Company, 2017b). Operations Adairs Company has categories its operation into product design, development, sourcing, and distribution and retail operations. Firstly, product design is consist of the branding of the products so that it forms the major brands of the company. Over 90% of products sold by the company is sold in companys private brand with only less than 10% sold under third-party national brands. Secondly, retail operation consist of over 130 stores spreads throughout Australia. These stores are under the name of Adairs, Adairs Kids, Adairs homemaker, Adairs Outlets, and UHR. Within these stores, products are displayed with the intention of selling to any customer interested. Thirdly, Adairs also has an online store that offers the display for all products that are sold to the company. The distribution of the products to various Adairs outlets is done through the distribution department and also ship the products to any customer especially those customers that purchase a product through the online s hop. Other operations include online shop maintenance and inventory management. These operations take into consideration various platforms that the company uses to market and sells its products (Adirs Company, 2017b). Marketing and sales The organization markets their products through various avenues that include an online shop, social media, and online website. Social media is one place that the organization exploits for advertising its products for many online users with Australia and beyond. Moreover, the retailer uses its fully equipped website to market its product which is also connected to the online shop. The company has an online shop where the company sells its many products with the ability to do online payment. The company has in-house stores spread in places such as Victoria, Northern Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia (Bloomberg, 2017). Activity Based Costing Activity-based costing is one of the cost-calculating methods that is used by manufacturers to estimate the cost of item produced within an organization. Activity-based costing (ABC) involves the determination of the cost of every activity used in the manufacturing of an item and therefore determines the cost of an item manufactured based on the cost of every activity used in production. This implies that when using the activity-based costing method in assigning of the cost of the product, the cost of the product is the cost assigned to a particular activity used in production (Cleland, 2004). Activity-based costing and traditional costing method Activity-based costing method differs significantly from the traditional cost calculation method. Activity-based costing allocate price based on the cost of activities involved in the production of an item and this differs from traditional costing method that pre-estimate the overhead cost based on the volume of cost drivers. Traditional costing method uses cost drivers such as machine hours or direct labor that causes the cost to incur and this differs from activity-based costing that uses the cost of activity involved in the production to allocate the cost of item produced (Barrett, 2005). Traditional costing aligns to the generally accepted accounting principles and therefore easy to implement as compared to activity-based costing. One disadvantage of the traditional costing method is the traditional costing may negate other cost drivers when calculating the cost of an item (Hansen Mowen, 2006). Benefits of using Activity Based Costing in Adairs Company When ABC is applied in calculating the cost of products of Adairs, there are some benefits that can be realized within the organization. Firstly, ABC offers accuracy when determining the cost of various items sold within the organization. For instance, Adairs have branches spread across the Australia and using ABC as cost calculating methods enable the organization to accurately determine the cost due to distribution as an activity. This ensures there is no loss when selling items within branches of the organization. Secondly, ABC method ensures that there are no irrelevant costing when determining the cost of an item. The method allows the true cost calculation with minimal overestimation of cost. Thirdly, ABC costing method ensures the Adairs management understands the overhead cost which is very important for estimating internal management cost (Velmurugan, 2010). Disadvantages of using Activity Based Costing in Adairs There are also some disadvantages of using the ABC costing method in calculating the cost of homeware sold at Adairs. Firstly, the implementation of the costing method itself requires many resources to be in place to ensure that the costs of various activities that are used in the production of items are allocated. For instance, when estimating the cost of pillow that is transported from Sydney to New South Wales will require the management of the company to estimate the cost of various activities and this requires resources to calculate. Secondly, interpreting the costing method is sometimes difficult for users. This is also common in online Adairs shopping since customers see the cost of items as overpriced though the cost takes into consideration all activities involved. This can, therefore, drive away customers who feel that the price estimated is high as compared to other companies (Friedman Lyne, 2013). Presentation of product costing system Adairs Company has three product categories and these are bedroom products, bathroom products, and giftware. Direct and indirect costs associated with the product category Looking at the product categories for the organization, there are both direct and indirect costs that are associated with the product. Some of the direct costs that are associated with products are acquisition cost, distribution cost, labor cost, marketing cost, operation cost and after sale services. The direct cost includes the cost of acquiring the products from Abode Living (Hansen Mowen, 2006). The products that are sold within the organization are acquired from manufacturers such as Abode Living at a price before it is transported to a warehouse for the company. Products are then taken through various value addition activities that add cost to the products. Another cost is the distribution cost that often results from moving these products from the warehouse in Victoria to another warehouse in Sydney. Labor cost though is part of operation cost can also fall on independent indirect cost. Operation cost is another indirect cost that includes all the cost that is incurred for ma nagement and maintenance of both facilities and various operational processes within the business. Operation cost is also added to the cost of items especially when calculating item cost based on ABC costing method (Kaplan Anderson, 2004). Identify the relevant activity cost pools The activity cost pool within the costing of the organization at the manufacturing is divided into the design; manufacturing and finishing while at the operation process is divided into product classification and product price estimation, product distribution and product marketing sales. The manufacturing activity cost pool is often not considered since the company purchase product after the price has been set and only activity cost pool within the company is often considered (Larson Kerr, 2007). Within the company, the first division of the product activity cost pool is product acquisition and is followed by the product classification into bedroom ware, bathroom ware or gifting ware. Secondly, price estimation is another activity cost pool that brings nearly all department together to determine the cost of a single item that will be used for the final consumer. Thirdly, distribution of these products to various company branches spread throughout Australia. This also consists of ve ry many activities each bearing cost that is transferred to the overall product cost (Leahy, 2004). Finally, marketing and sales are the last activity cost pool that is also used in calculating the cost of a single item. This includes activities such as advertising, personal selling, online shopping and after sale services. Being the final product cost pool, the marketing also factors in the after sale activities that influence the cost of the product (Maher Rahan, 2005). Cost drivers for activity cost pool Each activity cost pool has many drivers that are used to allocate cost to a product. Firstly, product acquisition has drivers such as units of the product, quality; type and size of the product purchased are some drivers that are used to determine the cost of each item. Another cost driver within this activity cost pool is labor and machine maintenance as this two drivers are part of the process (Meelah Ibraham, 2007). Secondly, product classification has drivers such as labor, number of units and equipment used in the process. Since price estimation is also classification cost pool, this activity cost pool has drivers such as labor and equipment. Fourthly, distribution has drivers such as transportation, labor, equipment, and carriers. Distribution also includes the machines that are used to load and offloading products into the tracks that mostly charge in terms of hours used. Finally, marketing has drivers such as labor, equipment, and information system and facility maintenance . The labor within this activity cost pool includes personal selling and advertisement labor charges (Blocher Juras, 2016). Cost hierarchy It is important to classify activity cost pool for Adairs Company in unit, batch, product or facility activity cost pool. Firstly, acquisition of the products from the manufacturer is product activity cost pool. The system that is used by the company can take any form since the acquisition of products though are made from another manufacturer, the product manufacturing can also be factored into the system at unit hierarchy (Omiri Drury 2007). Within this cost pool, there are activities such as stocktaking, determination of the number of products purchased and this also involves many different machines. Secondly, classification of these products within the company warehouse is facility activity cost pool. This is due to the operational processes that are performed on the product during classification (Sandison, Hansen Torok, 2003). For instance, at the classification stage is where products are also branded to add value to the product. Thirdly, marketing and sales are classified int o unit activity cost pool since it only considers the number of units that are sold. The marketing as activity cost pool is concerned with the number of units that are purchased. Moreover, at the marketing, the department is also conversant with the number of units that are available for sale at various branches throughout the Australia. Fourthly, distribution is classified as product activity cost pool since it mainly focuses on the cost of moving product from one place to another (Rad, 2002). Product Costing When using the ABC costing method, there are many things to consider. The data that is used to calculate the cost of products sold at Adairs factor in units produced and sold, sales revenue and direct cost (Krumwiede, 1998). When calculating the cost direct and indirect cost of various activities in the Adairs is used to estimate the cost of items. In addition, cost pool activities provide the basis for calculating the cost of all activities that are tied to indirect operational cost especially at manufacturing of the product or general cost estimation of products in Adairs. Calculation of direct cost that is associated with the product at the Adairs is as shown below using two products which are Mattress topper and Spot Flannelette (Adirs Company, 2017a). This can be summarized in a table as shown below Table 1 Product Compared Mattress topper Spot Flannelette Total Units produced and sold 1100 2030 3133 Selling price per unit $96.89 $18.99 Direct labor cost per unit $ 2.5 $ 1.5 Direct materials cost per unit $ 3.50 $ 3.0 Sales revenue $ 106579 $ 38549.70 $ 145128.70 Direct cost Direct labor cost $ 27500 $ 3045 $ 30545 Direct material $ 3850 $ 6090 $ 9940 Total direct cost $ 31350 $ 9135 $ 40485 Indirect costs are calculated based on the activity cost pool for various operational activities. To estimate the cost associated with different activity pools, the organizations operational processes are divided in different activity cost pool. This is then used to calculate the cost that is allocated to activity-based cost for these products sold within the organization. At this stage of ABC costing method, cost drivers are also factored in as they play a critical role in the calculation of activity cost pool (Allott, 2004). Mattress topper activity unit pools and cost drivers Table 2 Activity pool Cost driver/ activity unit Cost driver/ unit cost Total activity Mattress topper Total indirect Product acquisition Units purchased 1100 100 $ 110000 Product classification No of products classified 2 70 140 Machine maintenance No of batch runs 800 50 $ 40000 Distribution The unit distributed 100 $ 1000 $ 100000 Total The same method is also used to calculate the indirect cost for the second product sold at Adairs. Most of the operational activities that are used in the calculation of the cost due to activities performed on a Spot Flannelette are the same except for the units and the price due to units (Horngren Foster, 2003). Spot Flannelette activity units pools and cost drivers Table 3 Activity pool Cost driver/ activity unit Cost driver/ unit cost Total activity Spot Flannelette Total indirect Product acquisition Units purchased 1100 100 $110000 Product classification No of products classified 2 70 $140 Machine maintenance No of batch runs 800 80 $ 64000 Distribution The unit distributed 200 $ 1000 $ 200000 Total 374140 Another step in the determination of cost assign to an item is also the determination of cost per product. When calculating the cost of each product of the organization the activity cost pool is divided by the number of each unit produced within the organization. This, of course, considers the number of unit visa vie the activity cost pool that is part of the production of that product. This is referred to the cost allocation at the product level in ABC costing calculation (Barrett, 2005b). Activity pool Total indirect cost for Mattress topper Cost for each product unit for Mattress topper Total cost/ unit Spot Flannelette Cost/ unit Spot flannelette Total indirect cost Product acquisition $ 110000 $ 2 $ 110000 $ 10 $ 110 Product classification $ 140 $ 7 $ 140 $ 2 $ 70 Machine maintenance $ 40000 $ 4 $ 64000 $ 8 $ 800 Distribution $ 100000 $ 10 $ 200000 $ 20 $ 200 Total $ 250140 $ 23 $ 374140 $ 40 $ 1180 Finding the overhead cost when using ABC costing calculation takes into consideration gross profit and gross margin. This also used to estimate the revenue per unit of the product that is sold at the facility of Adairs (Horngren, George Srikant, 2005). With this cost calculation, the total product cost per unit of the two products of Adairs corresponds to each product cost of the indirect drivers when calculating the product cost based on traditional cost method. Calculating profitability Calculation profitability of each product, the summation of total unit produced and sold will give the total number of product unit that is available for sales within a trading period. Direct cost for each unit is given by total direct cost divided by units produced and sold within this period of time for the two products (The Value Creation Group, 2008). Overhead cost for each unit, on the other hand, required the division of total overhead cost by a total number of each product that was available and sold. Therefore, gross profit for each product is calculated by subtracting direct cost for each product from revenue for each product. Finally, the profit margin is given by dividing gross profit for each unit by revenue from each product (Mocciaro, Picone Min, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, the Adairs Company product value chain includes product acquisition from Abode Living and performing various activities that provide the basis of calculating the cost of a single product. The product value chain for the organization is divided into several activities oriented stages that form activity cost pool. Within this activity cost pool, there are both direct and indirect cost drivers. This offers an avenue for calculating the cost of the product based on either traditional or activity-based costing. When using activity-based costing, the method takes into consideration various cost pools when estimating product cost. Adairs company value chain is divided into product acquisition, classification, distribution, marketing, and sale. At each stage, the cost is incurred on the product until it reaches the final consumer either through its online shop or in-house premises. Reference Abode Living, (2017), The Abode Living Family: Company History. 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